A practical overview of pedestrian stops, traffic stops, and arrests in the United States. Identification requirements and other rules vary by state and circumstance.[1]
On foot
Ask “Am I free to go?” If the officer says yes, leave calmly. If you choose to exercise your right to remain silent, say so clearly. Some states require you to identify yourself during certain lawful stops.
Traffic stops
Pull over where it is safe. Keep your hands visible. Drivers may be required to show a license, registration, and proof of insurance.
Searches and arrest
You can decline a request for consent to search by saying “I do not consent to a search.” Officers may sometimes search without consent. Avoid physically interfering. If arrested, say you want to remain silent and ask to speak with a lawyer.
After the encounter
Once safe, write down the time, location, agency, officer names or badge numbers, and witness details. Preserve any recordings. For help with a specific incident, contact a local lawyer or civil liberties organization.